Cannabis Research A-Z

Open Access to Science

CBD / Cannabidiol & Cannabis Research

Overview

Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of at least 85 active cannabinoids identified in the chemical makeup of cannabis. CBD is a major phytocannabinoid, accounting for up to 40% of the plant's extract. CBD is considered to have a wider scope of medical applications than tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). 
 
An orally-administered liquid containing CBD has received orphan drug status in the US, for use as a treatment for Dravet syndrome, under the brand name Epidiolex (wikipedea).
Molecular Structure of CBD

CBD Treatment Options

*Always consult with your family physician BEFORE starting any new theropies.


Research on cannabidiol (CBD) is showing that it can be used as an effective and safe treatment by itself, or with other medications.

Various CBD / Cannabidiol Global Medical Journal Articles

Sceintific Reports.

European Journal of Internal Medicine.

2017 - Law ~ The legal status of cannabis (marijuana) and cannabidiol (CBD) under U.S. law.
Epilepsy & Behavior.

2017 - Study ~ Could Cannabidiol be a Treatment Option for Intractable Childhood and Adolescent Epilepsy?
Journal of Epilepsy Research.

2017 - Study ~ An Update on Safety and Side Effects of Cannabidiol: A Review of Clinical Data and Relevant Animal Studies.
PubMed Journals.

Response to Grotenhermen.
Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.

2017 - Study ~ Warning Letters and Test Results for Cannabidiol-Related Products.
US Food and Drug Administration.

2016 - Study ~ The Biology and Potential Therapeutic Effects of Cannabidiol.
National Institute on Drug Abuse.

2016 - Study ~ Cannabidiol as a Potential New Type of an Antipsychotic. A Critical Review of the Evidence.
Frontiers in Pharmacology.

2016 - Study ~ Cannabidiol for treating seizures Show Promise.
University of Alabama at Birmingham.

2015 - Study ~ Cannabidiol: Barriers to Research and Potential Medical Benefits.
US Food and Drug Administration.

2015 - Study ~ Human Metabolites of Cannabidiol: A Review on Their Formation, Biological Activity, and Relevance in Therapy.
Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.

2014 - Study ~ Cannabidiol: Promise and Pitfalls.
American Epilepsy Society.

2013 - Study ~ Does Cannabidiol Protect Against Adverse Psychological Effects of THC?
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands.

2012 - Study ~ Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent, as an anxiolytic drug. Brazilian journal of Psychiatry.


2012 - Study ~ Topical and Systemic Cannabidiol Improves Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid Colitis in Mice.

Karger Journals, Pharmacology.


2012 - Study ~ Islet protection and amelioration of diabetes type 2 in Psammomys obesus by treatment with cannabidiol.

Institute Medical Research Israel Canada (IMRIC), Medical Faculty, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.


2012 - Study ~ Chemopreventive effect of the non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid cannabidiol on experimental colon cancer.

Journal of Molecular Medicine Berlin, Germany.


2012 - Study ~ Cannabidiol, a non-psychotropic plant-derived cannabinoid, decreases inflammation in a murine model of acute lung injury: Role for the

adenosine A2A receptor.

European Journal of Pharmacology.


2012 - Study ~ Heat exposure of Cannabis sativa extracts affects the pharmacokinetic and metabolic profile in healthy male subjects.

Planta Medica.


2012 - Study ~ The therapeutic potential of the endocannabinoid system for Alzheimer's disease.

Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets.


2012 - Study ~ On disruption of fear memory by reconsolidation blockade: evidence from cannabidiol treatment.

Neuropsychopharmacology.


2012 - Study ~ Cannabinol and cannabidiol exert opposing effects on rat feeding patterns.

Psychopharmacology.


2012 - Study ~ Cannabidiol for neurodegenerative disorders: important new clinical applications for this phytocannabinoid?

British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.


2012 - Study ~ Cannabidiol Inhibits Angiogenesis by Multiple Mechanisms. 

British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.


2012 - Study ~ Non-THC cannabinoids inhibit prostate carcinoma growth in vitro and in vivo: pro-apoptotic effects and underlying mechanisms.

British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.


2012 - Study ~ Cannabinoids suppress inflammatory and neuropathic pain by targeting α3 glycine receptors.

Journal of Experimental Medicine.


2012 - Study ~ Poly-ε-caprolactone microspheres as a drug delivery system for cannabinoid administration: development, characterization and in vitro evaluation of their antitumoral efficacy.

Journal of Controlled Release.


2012 - Study ~ Effects of cannabinoids Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and cannabidiol in MPP+ affected murine mesencephalic cultures.

International journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology.


2012 - Study ~ Antipsychotic profile of cannabidiol and rimonabant in an animal model of emotional context processing in schizophrenia.

Current Pharmaceutical Design.


2012 - Study ~ Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia.

Translational Psychiatry.


2012 - Study ~ Cannabidiol-induced apoptosis in murine microglial cells through lipid raft.

Wiley Online Library.


2012 - Study ~ Cannabis derivatives therapy for a seronegative stiff-person syndrome: a case report.

Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics.


2012 - Study ~ A critical review of the antipsychotic effects of cannabidiol: 30 years of a translational investigation.

Current Pharmaceutical Design.


2012 - Study ~ Acute effects of a single, oral dose of d9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) administration in healthy volunteers.

Current Pharmaceutical Design.


2012 - Study ~ Cannabidiol exerts anti-convulsant effects in animal models of temporal lobe and partial seizures.

European Journal of Epilepsy.


2012 - Study ~ The potential use of cannabidiol in the therapy of metabolic syndrome. Akademiai Kiado.


2012 - Study ~ Cannabinoid-like anti-inflammatory compounds from flax fiber.

Cellular and Molecular Biology Letters.


2012 - Study ~ Cannabidiol in inflammatory bowel diseases: a brief overview. Phytotherapy Research.


2011 - Study ~ The potential for clinical use of cannabinoids in treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Cardiovascular Therapeutics.


2011 - Study ~ Acute administration of cannabidiol in vivo suppresses ischaemia-induced cardiac arrhythmias and reduces infarct size when given at reperfusion.

British Journal of Pharmacology.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced vascular changes and inflammation in the mouse brain: an intravital microscopy study.

Journal of Neuroinflammation.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol Reduces Aβ-Induced Neuroinflammation and Promotes Hippocampal Neurogenesis through PPARγ Involvement.

Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome, Italy.

2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol and other cannabinoids reduce microglial activation in vitro and in vivo: relevance to Alzheimers′ disease.

Molecular Pharmacology.


2011 - Study ~ Evaluation of the Cyclooxygenase Inhibiting Effects of Six Major Cannabinoids Isolated from Cannabis Sativa.

Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Sweeden.


2011 - Study ~ Role of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Amelioration of Experimental Autoimmune Hepatitis Following Activation of TRPV1 Receptors by Cannabidiol.

PLOS One.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol causes activated hepatic stellate cell death through a mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis.

Cell Death and Disease.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol, a Major Phytocannabinoid, as a Potent Atypical Inhibitor for Cytochrome P450 2D6.

Drug Metabolism and Disposition.


2011 - Study ~ Brief Report: Cannabidiol Prevents the Development of Cold and Mechanical Allodynia in Paclitaxel-Treated Female C57Bl6 Mice.

Journal of Anesthesia & Analgesia.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol Reduces Intestinal Inflammation through the Control of Neuroimmune Axis.

Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples.

2011 - Study ~ Identification of cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for metabolism of cannabidiol by human liver microsomes.

Elsevier, Life Sciences.


2011 - Study ~ Safety and Side Effects of Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa Constituent.
Current Drug Safety.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol attenuates cardiac dysfunction, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and inflammatory and cell death signaling pathways in diabetic cardiomyopathy. National Institute of Health.


2011 - Study ~ The Non-Psychoactive Plant Cannabinoid, Cannabidiol Affects Cholesterol Metabolism-Related Genes in Microglial Cells.

Cell and Molecular Neurobiology.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol decreases body weight gain in rats: Involvement of CB2 receptors. Neuroscience.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol improves brain and liver function in a fulminant hepatic failure-induced model of hepatic encephalopathy in mice.

British Journal of Pharmacology.


2011 - Study ~ Effects of intracisternal administration of cannabidiol on the cardiovascular and behavioral responses to acute restraint stress.

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior.


2011 - Study ~ Modulation of Auditory and Visual Processing by Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol: an fMRI Study.

Neuropsychopharmacology.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol Inhibits Pathogenic T-Cells, Decreases Spinal Microglial Activation and Ameliorates Multiple Sclerosis-like disease in C57BL/6 mice.
British Journal of Pharmacology.


2011 - Study ~ Anti-Aversive Effects of Cannabidiol on Innate Fear-Induced Behaviors Evoked by an Ethological Model of Panic Attacks Based on a Prey vs the Wild Snake Epicrates cenchria crassus Confrontation Paradigm.

Neuropsychopharmacology.


2011 - Study ~ Memory-rescuing effects of cannabidiol in an animal model of cognitive impairment relevant to neurodegenerative disorders.

Psychopharmacology.


2011 - Study ~ Interaction between non-psychotropic cannabinoids in marihuana: effect of cannabigerol (CBG) on the anti-nausea or anti-emetic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in rats and shrews. Psychopharmacology.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol, a Non-Psychotropic Component of Cannabis, Attenuates Vomiting and Nausea-like Behaviour via Indirect Agonism of 5-HT(1A) Somatodendritic: Autoreceptors in the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus.

British Journal of Pharmacology.


2011 - Study ~ A novel CB receptor GPR55 and its ligands are involved in regulation of gut movement in rodents. Neurogastroenterology & Motility.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol inhibits the hyperphagia induced by cannabinoid-1 or serotonin-1A receptor agonists.

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol potentiates Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) behavioural effects and alters THC pharmacokinetics during acute and chronic treatment in adolescent rats.

Psychopharmacology.


2011 - Study ~ Inhibitory Effect of Standardized Cannabis sativa Extract and Its Ingredient Cannabidiol on Rat and Human Bladder Contractility.

Urology.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol reduces the anxiety induced by simulated public speaking in treatment-naïve social phobia patients.

Neuropsychopharmacology.


2011 - Study ~ Effects on sleep and dopamine levels of microdialysis perfusion of cannabidiol into the lateral hypothalamus of rats.

Life Science.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol induces programmed cell death in breast cancer cells by coordinating the crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy.

American Journal for Cancer Research.


2011 - Study ~ Pathways mediating the effects of cannabidiol on the reduction of breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis.

Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.


2011 - Study ~ Effect of cannabidiol on sleep disruption induced by the repeated combination tests consisting of open field and elevated plus-maze in rats. Neuropharmacology.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol, a Non-Psychotropic Component of Cannabis, Attenuates Vomiting and Nausea-like Behaviour via Indirect Agonism of 5-HT(1A) Somatodendritic: Autoreceptors in the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus.

British Journal of Pharmacology.


2011 - Study ~ Regulation of nausea and vomiting by cannabinoids.

British Journal of Pharmacology.


2011 - Study ~ The effects of cannabidiolic acid and cannabidiol on contractility of the gastrointestinal tract of Suncus murinus.

Archives of Pharmacological Research.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol inhibits lung cancer cell invasion and metastasis via intercellular adhesion molecule-1.

Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol Dampens Streptozotocin-Induced Retinal Inflammation by Targeting of Microglial Activation.

ARVO Journals.


2011 - Study ~ Plasma and brain pharmacokinetic profile of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidivarine (CBDV), Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and cannabigerol (CBG) in rats and mice following oral and intraperitoneal administration and CBD action on obsessive-compulsive behaviour.

Psychopharmacology.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabis with high cannabidiol content is associated with fewer psychotic experiences.

Schizophrenia Research.


2011 - Study ~ A novel CB receptor GPR55 and its ligands are involved in regulation of gut movement in rodents.

Neurogastroenterol Motility.


2011 - Study ~ Sub-chronic impact of cannabinoids in street cannabis on cognition, psychotic-like symptoms and psychological well-being.

Psychological Medicine.


2011 - Study ~ Neural basis of anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in generalized social anxiety disorder: a preliminary report.

Journal of Psychopharmacol.


2011 - Study ~ Endocannabinoid system and psychiatry: in search of a neurobiological basis for detrimental and potential therapeutic effects.

Behavioral Neuroscience.


2011 - Study ~ The endocannabinoid system in the regulation of emotions throughout lifespan: a discussion on therapeutic perspectives.

Journal of Psycopharmacology.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol protects against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and cell death.

Free Radical Biology and Medicine.


2011 - Study ~ Therapeutic potential of cannabidiol against ischemia/reperfusion liver injury in rats.

European Journal of Pharmacology.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol as an emergent therapeutic strategy for lessening the impact of inflammation on oxidative stress.

Free Radical Biology and Medicine.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol reduces brain damage and improves functional recovery after acute hypoxia-ischemia in newborn pigs.

Pediatric Research.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol-treated Rats Exhibited Higher Motor Score After Cryogenic Spinal Cord Injury.

Neurotoxicity Research.


2011 - Study ~ Prospects for cannabinoid therapies in basal ganglia disorders.

British Journal of Pharmacology.


2011 - Study ~ Phytocannabinoids as novel therapeutic agents in CNS disorders. Pharmacology & Therapeutics.


2011 - Study ~ Differential transcriptional profiles mediated by exposure to the cannabinoids cannabidiol and Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol in BV-2 microglial cells.
British Journal of Pharmacology.


2011 - Study ~ THC and CBD oromucosal spray (Sativex®) in the management of spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis.

Taylor & Francis Online.


2011 - Study ~ Plasma cannabinoid pharmacokinetics following controlled oral delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and oromucosal cannabis extract administration.

Nation Institute of Health.


2011 - Study ~ Memory-rescuing effects of cannabidiol in an animal model of cognitive impairment relevant to neurodegenerative disorders.

Psycopharmacology.


2011 - Study ~ The interplay of cannabinoid and NMDA glutamate receptor systems in humans: preliminary evidence of interactive effects of cannabidiol and ketamine in healthy human subjects.

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry.


2011 - Study ~ Induction of apoptosis by cannabinoids in prostate and colon cancer cells is phosphatase dependent.

International Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment.


2011 - Study ~ Heterogeneity in the composition of marijuana seized in California.

Drug and Alcohol Dependance.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol induced a contrasting pro-apoptotic effect between freshly isolated and precultured human monocytes.

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol, a major phytocannabinoid, as a potent atypical inhibitor for CYP2D6.

Drug Metabolism and Disposition.


2011 - Study ~ Non-psychoactive cannabinoids modulate the descending pathway of antinociception in anaesthetized rats through several mechanisms of action.

British Journal of Pharmacology.


2011 - Study ~ Cannabidiol (CBD) as an Anti-Arrhythmic.

Society of Cannabis Clinicians.


2011 - Patent ~ Phytocannabinoids for use in the treatment of cancer.

European Patent Office.


2010 - Study ~ Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids: new therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb.

Trends in Pharmacological Sciences.


2010 - Study ~ Antidepressant-like effects of cannabidiol in mice: possible involvement of 5-HT1A receptors.

British Journal of Pharmacology.


2010 - Study ~ Effects of cannabidiol on amphetamine-induced oxidative stress generation in an animal model of mania.

Journal of Psycopharmacology.


2010 - Study ~ Cannabinoid-mediated modulation of neuropathic pain and microglial accumulation in a model of murine type I diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Molecular Pain.


2010 - Study ~ Cannabinoid receptor CB1 mediates baseline and activity-induced survival of new neurons in adult hippocampal neurogenesis.

Cell Communication and Signaling.


2010 - Study ~ Therapeutical use of the cannabinoids in psychiatry.

Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria.


2010 - Study ~ Therapeutic Potential of Non-Psychotropic Cannabidiol in Ischemic Stroke.

Pharmaceuticals Journal.


2010 - Study ~ Cannabidiol Displays Antiepileptiform and Antiseizure Properties In Vitro and In Vivo.

Journal of Pharmacological Experimental Therapeutics.


2010 - Study ~ Pathways mediating the effects of cannabidiol on the reduction of breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis.

Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.


2010 - Study ~ Antitumorigenic Effects of Cannabinoids beyond Apoptosis.

Journal of Pharmacological Experimental Therapeutics.


2010 - Study ~ Cannabidiol Attenuates Cardiac Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress,

Fibrosis, and Inflammatory and Cell Death Signaling Pathways in Diabetic

Cardiomyopathy.

Journal of the American College of Cardiology.


2010 - Study ~ Antidepressant-like effect of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa L.

National Institute of Health.


2010 - Study ~ Cannabidiol ameliorates cognitive and motor impairments in bile-duct ligated mice via 5-HT1A receptor activation.

British Journal of Pharmacology.


2010 - Study ~ Role of inflammation and potential therapies for anti-inflammation.

World Journal of Diabetes.


2010 - Study ~ A behavioural comparison of acute and chronic Delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in mice.

International Journal of Neuropsycopharmacology.


2010 - Study ~ Intra-dorsal periaqueductal gray administration of cannabidiol blocks panic-like response by activating 5-HT1A receptors.

Behavioural Brain Research.


2010 - Study ~ Impact of cannabidiol on the acute memory and psychotomimetic effects of smoked cannabis: naturalistic study.

British Journal of Psychiatry.


2010 - Study ~ Decrease of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 may contribute to the anti-invasive action of cannabidiol on human lung cancer cells.

Pharmaceutical Research.


2010 - Study ~ Regulation of nausea and vomiting by cannabinoids.

British Journal of Pharmacology.


2010 - Study ~ Acute administration of cannabidiol in vivo suppresses ischaemia-induced cardiac arrhythmias and reduces infarct size when given at reperfusion.
British Journal of Pharmacology.


2010 - Study ~ Cannabidiol bioavailability after nasal and transdermal application: effect of permeation enhancers.

Journal of Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy.


2010 - Study ~ Impact of cannabidiol on the acute memory and psychotomimetic effects of smoked cannabis: naturalistic study.

British Journal of Psychiatry.


2010 - Study ~ Cannabidiol inhibits cancer cell invasion via upregulation of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1.

Biochemical Pharmacology.


2010 - Study ~ Cannabidiol Enhances the Inhibitory Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Human Glioblastoma Cell Proliferation and Survival.

Molecular Cancer Therapeutics.


2010 - Study ~ Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids: new therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb.

Trends in Pharmacological Sciences.


2010 - Study ~ Effects of cannabidiol on amphetamine-induced oxidative stress generation in an animal model of mania.

Journal of Psychopharmacology.


2010 - Study ~ Cannabidiol Attenuates the Appetitive Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Humans Smoking Their Chosen Cannabis. Neuropsychopharmacology.


2010 - Study ~ Opposite Effects of Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol on Human Brain Function and Psychopathology.

Neuropsychopharmacology.


2010 - Study ~ Cannabidiol inhibitory effect on marble-burying behaviour: involvement of CB1 receptors.

Behavioural Pharmacology.


2010 - Study ~ Cannabidiol attenuates delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions via suppressing T-cell and macrophage reactivity.

Acta Pharmacologica Sinica.


2010 - Study ~ Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of THC:CBD extract and THC extract in patients with intractable cancer-related pain.

Journal of Pain and Symptom Management.


2010 - Study ~ Disposition of Cannabichromene, Cannabidiol, and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and its Metabolites in Mouse Brain following Marijuana Inhalation Determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

National Institute of Health.


2010 - Study ~ Treatment with cannabidiol reverses oxidative stress parameters, cognitive impairment and mortality in rats submitted to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture.

Brain Research.


2010 - Study ~ Anticonvulsant effects of GWP42006 in vitro and in vivo in rat. Physiological Society, University of Manchester.


2010 - Study ~ The neuroprotective effect of cannabidiol in an in vitro model of newborn hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in mice is mediated by CB(2) and adenosine receptors.

Neurobiology of Disease.


2010 - Study ~ Neural basis of anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in generalized social anxiety disorder: a preliminary report.

Journal of Psychopharmacology.


2009 - Study ~ Cannabidiol decreases bone resorption by inhibiting RANK/RANKL expression and pro-inflammatory cytokines during experimental periodontitis in rats. International Immunopharmacology.


2009 - Study ~ Cannabidiol-2′,6′-Dimethyl Ether, a Cannabidiol Derivative, Is a Highly Potent and Selective 15-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor.

Drug Metabolism and Disposition.


2009 - Study ~ Beneficial effects of a Cannabis sativa extract treatment on diabetes-induced neuropathy and oxidative stress.

Phytotherapy Research.

2009 - Study ~ Opposite Effects of Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol on Human Brain Function and Psychopathology.

Neuropsychopharmacology.


2009 - Study ~ Cannabidiol: a promising drug for neurodegenerative disorders?

CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics.


2009 - Study ~ Cannabidiol, a safe and non-psychotropic ingredient of the marijuana plant Cannabis sativa, is protective in a murine model of colitis.

Journal of Molecular Medicine.


2009 - Study ~ Cannabidiol ameliorates cognitive and motor impairments in bile-duct ligated mice via 5-HT1A receptor activation.

British Journal of Pharmacology.


2009 - Study ~ Modulation of effective connectivity during emotional processing by Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol.

International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology.


2009 - Study ~ Therapeutic time window of cannabidiol treatment on delayed ischemic damage via high-mobility group box1-inhibiting mechanism.
Department of Neuropharmacology.

Fukuoka University.


2009 - Study ~ Cannabinoids Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol Differentially Inhibit the Lipopolysaccharide-activated NF-κB and Interferon-β/STAT Proinflammatory Pathways in BV-2 Microglial Cells.

Journal of Biological Chemistry.


2009 - Study ~ Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids:new therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb.

Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.


2009 - Study ~ Evaluation of Prevalent Phytocannabinoids in the Acetic Acid Model of Visceral Nociception.

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia.Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.


2009 - Study ~ The putative cannabinoid receptor GPR55 affects osteoclast function in vitro and bone mass in vivo. 

Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom.


2009 - Study ~ Cannabinoids as novel anti-inflammatory drugs.

Future Medical Chemistry.


2009 - Study ~ Cannabidiol, a Nonpsychotropic Component of Cannabis, Inhibits Cue-Induced Heroin Seeking and Normalizes Discrete Mesolimbic Neuronal Disturbances. Journal of Neuroscience.


2009 - Study ~ Cannabidiol As a Putative Novel Therapy for Diabetic Retinopathy: A Postulated Mechanism of Action as an Entry Point for Biomarker-Guided Clinical Development.

National Institute of Health.


2009 - Study ~ Cannabidiol Attenuates Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity by Decreasing Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress, Inflammation, and Cell Death.

Journal of Pharmalogical and Experimental Therepeutics.


2009 - Study ~ The nonpsychotropic cannabinoid cannabidiol modulates and directly activates alpha-1 and alpha-1-Beta glycine receptor function.

Pharmacology.


2009 - Study ~ Cannabidiol-induced lymphopenia does not involve NKT and NK cells. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology.


2009 - Study ~ Effects of cannabidiol on amphetamine-induced oxidative stress generation in an animal model of mania.

Journal of Psycopharmacology.


2009 - Study ~ Cannabidiol decreases bone resorption by inhibiting RANK/RANKL expression and pro-inflammatory cytokines during experimental periodontitis in rats.

International Immunopharmacology.

2009 - Study ~ Cannabidiol-2',6'-Dimethyl Ether, a Cannabidiol Derivative, Is a Highly Potent and Selective 15-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor.

Drug Metabolism and Disposition.


2009 - Study ~ Cannabidiol reverses the reduction in social interaction produced by low dose Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats.

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior.


2009 - Study ~ Opposite Effects of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol on Human Brain Function and Psychopathology.

Neuropsychopharmacology.


2009 - Study ~ Time-dependent vascular actions of cannabidiol in the rat aorta.

European Journal of Pharmacology.

2009 - Study ~ Cannabidiol targets mitochondria to regulate intracellular Ca2+ levels. Journal of Neuroscience.


2009 - Study ~ Cannabidiol for the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology.


2009 - Study ~ Modulation of effective connectivity during emotional processing by Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol.

International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology.


2008 - Study ~ Cannabidiol, extracted from Cannabis sativa, selectively inhibits inflammatory hypermotility in mice.

British Journal of Pharmacology.


2008 - Study ~ Cannabidiol: from an inactive cannabinoid to a drug with wide spectrum of action.

Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry.


2008 - Study ~ Divergent effects of cannabidiol on the discriminative stimulus and place conditioning effects of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol.

Journal of Drug and Alcohol Dependence.


2008 - Study ~ The nonpsychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is a wake-inducing agent.

American Psycological Association - Behavioral Neuroscience.

2008 - Study ~ Cannabidiol in medicine: a review of its therapeutic potential in CNS disorders.

Phytotherapy Research.


2008 - Patent ~ US Patent Application 20080262099 - Inhibition of Tumour Cell Migration.

Gw Pharma Limited.


2008 - Study ~ Mediation of Cannabidiol anti-inflammation in the Retina by Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter and A2A Adenosine Receptor.

Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia.


2008 - Study ~ Antibacterial cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa: a structure-activity study.

American Chemical Society and American Society of Pharmacognosy.


2008 - Study ~ Effects of cannabidiol on schizophrenia-like symptoms in people who use cannabis.

British Journal of Psychaitry.


2008 - Study ~ The role of the endocannabinoid system in Alzheimer's disease: facts and hypotheses.

Current Pharmaceutical Design.


2008 - Study ~ A comparative study on cannabidiol-induced apoptosis in murine thymocytes and EL-4 thymoma cell.

Pharmacological Actions.


2008 - Study ~ 5-Lipoxygenase and anandamide hydrolase (FAAH) mediate the antitumor activity of cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive cannabinoid.

Journal of Neurochemistry.


2007 - US Patent Application ~ 20070099987 - Treating or preventing diabetes with cannabidiol.

Google.


2007 - Study ~ The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin.

British Journal of Pharmacology.


2007 - Study ~ Cannabidiol and (-)Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol are neuroprotective antioxidants.

National Acadamy of Sciences of the United States of America.


2007 - Study ~ Cannabidiol in vivo blunts beta-amyloid induced neuroinflammation by suppressing IL-1beta and iNOS expression.

British Journal of Pharmacology.


2007 - Study ~ Cannabidiol attenuates high glucose-induced endothelial cell inflammatory response and barrier disruption.

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology.


2007 - Study ~ Cannabidiol as a novel inhibitor of Id-1 gene expression in aggressive breast cancer cells.

Molecular Cancer Therapeutics.


2007 - Study ~ The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin.
School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK.


2007 - Study ~ Cannabidiol, a nonpsychoactive Cannabis constituent, protects against myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury.

American Journal of Physiology.


2007 - Study ~ Cannabidiol displays unexpectedly high potency as an antagonist of CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists in vitro.

British Journal of Pharmacology.


2007 - Study ~ Delayed treatment with cannabidiol has a cerebroprotective action via a cannabinoid receptor-independent myeloperoxidase-inhibiting mechanism.

Journal of Neurochemistry.


2007 - Study ~ Cannabidiol, unlike synthetic cannabinoids, triggers activation of RBL-2H3 mast cells.

Journal of Leukocyte Biology.


2007 - Study ~ The multidrug transporter ABCG2 (BCRP) is inhibited by plant-derived cannabinoids.

British Journal of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Australia.


2007 - Study ~ Repeated Treatment with Cannabidiol but Not Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol Has a Neuroprotective Effect Without the Development of Tolerance.

Neuropharmacology.


2007 - Study ~ Interactions of cannabidiol with endocannabinoid signalling in hippocampal tissue.

European Journal of Neuroscience.


2007 - Study ~ Cannabidiol--recent advances.

Chemistry & Biodiversity.


2006 - Study ~ Cannabidiol-induced apoptosis in human leukemia cells: A novel role of cannabidiol in the regulation of p22phox and Nox4 expression.

Molecular Pharmacology.


2006 - Study ~ The non-psychoactive cannabidiol triggers caspase activation and oxidative stress in human glioma cells.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences.


2006 - Study ~ Neuroprotective and Blood-Retinal Barrier-Preserving Effects of Cannabidiol in Experimental Diabetes.

American Journal of Pathology.


2006 - Study ~ Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent, as an antipsychotic drug.

Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research.

2006 - Study ~ Role of the Cannabinoid System in Pain Control and Therapeutic Implications for the Management of Acute and Chronic Pain Episodes. Current Neuropharmacology.

2006 - Study ~ A tale of two cannabinoids: The therapeutic rationale for combining tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol.

Medical Hypotheses.


2006 - Study ~ The effects of cannabinoids on P-glycoprotein transport and expression in multidrug resistant cells.

Biochemical Pharmacology.


2006 - Study ~ Cannabidiol, a constituent of Cannabis sativa, modulates sleep in rats. FEBS Press - Science Published by Scientists.


2006 - Study ~ Anxiolytic-like effect of cannabidiol in the rat Vogel conflict test.

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry.

2006 - Study ~ Differential effects of cannabis extracts and pure plant cannabinoids on hippocampal neurones and glia.

Neuroscience Letters.


2006 - Study ~ The marijuana component cannabidiol inhibits beta-amyloid-induced tau protein hyperphosphorylation through Wnt/beta-catenin pathway rescue

in PC12 cells.

Journal of Molecular Medicine.


2006 - Study ~ Cannabidiol inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression and nitric oxide production in beta-amyloid stimulated PC12 neurons through p38 MAP kinase and NF-kappaB involvement.

Neuroscience Letters.


2005 - Study ~ Cannabidiol lowers incidence of diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice.

Autoimmunity.

2005 - Study ~ Treatment with CBD in oily solution of drug-resistant paediatric epilepsies.

International Association for Cannabis as Medicine.


2005 - Study ~ Cannabidiol inhibits human glioma cell migration through a cannabinoid receptor-independent mechanism.

British Journal of Pharmacology.


2005 - Study ~ Cannabidiol Prevents Cerebral Infarction Via a Serotonergic 5-Hydroxytryptamine1A Receptor–Dependent Mechanism.

AHA Journals.


2005 - Study ~ Cannabinol delays symptom onset in SOD1 (G93A) transgenic mice without affecting survival.

World Federation of Neurology.


2005 - Study ~ Peripheral, but not central effects of cannabidiol derivatives: mediation by CB(1) and unidentified receptors.

Neuropharmacology.


2005 - Study ~ Treatment with CBD in oily solution of drug-resistant paediatric epilepsies.

International Association for Cannabis as Medicine.


2005 - Study ~ Cannabinoids provide neuroprotection against 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity in vivo and in vitro: relevance to Parkinson's disease.

Neurobiology of Disease.


2004 - Study ~ Initial experiences with medicinal extracts of cannabis for chronic pain: Results from 34 ‘N of 1’ studies.

Anaesthesia.


2004 - Study ~ Neuroprotective effect of cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive component from Cannabis sativa, on β-amyloid-induced toxicity in PC12 cells.

Journal of Neurochemistry.


2004 - Study ~ Cannabidiol prevents infarction via the non-CB1 cannabinoid receptor mechanism.

Neuroreport.


2004 - Study ~ Effect of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on nocturnal sleep and early-morning behavior in young adults.

Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology.


2004 - Study ~ Cannabinoids Induce Cancer Cell Proliferation via Tumor Necrosis Factor α-Converting Enzyme (TACE/ADAM17)-Mediated Transactivation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor.

Ammerican Association for Cancer Research.


2003 - Study ~ Composition of the essential oils and extracts of two populations of Cannabis sativa L. ssp. spontanea from Austria.

420 Magazine.


2003 - Study ~ Vasodilator actions of abnormal-cannabidiol in rat isolated small mesenteric artery.

British Journal of Pharmacology.


2003 - Study ~ Cannabis and the brain.

Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, UK.


2003 - Study ~ Post-ischemic treatment with cannabidiol prevents electroencephalographic flattening, hyperlocomotion and neuronal injury

in gerbils.

Neuroscience Letters.


2003 - Study ~ Therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in CNS disease.

CNS Drugs.


2003 - Study ~ Gamma-irradiation enhances apoptosis induced by cannabidiol, a non-psychotropic cannabinoid, in cultured HL-60 myeloblastic leukemia cells.

Journal of Leukemia & Lymphoma.


2003 - Study ~ Cannabidiol-transdermal delivery and anti-inflammatory effect in a murine model.

Journal of Controlled Release.


2000 - Study ~ Cannabinoids might reduce spasticity in multiple sclerosis.
British Medical Journal.

2000 - Study ~ Variations of D9-THC content in single plants of hemp varieties.
Federal Office and Research Centre of Agriculture, Austria.

2000 - Study ~ Neuroprotective Antioxidants from Marijuana.
New York Academy of Sciences.

2000 - Study ~ Different effects of nabilone and cannabidiol on binocular depth inversion in Man.
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior.

2000 - Study ~ Synthesis of a primary metabolite of cannabidiol.
Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel.
2000 - Study ~ Cannabinoids in clinical practice.
US National Library of Medicine & National Institutes of Health.

1998 - Study ~ Cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol are neuroprotective antioxidants.

USA National Academy of Sciences.


1994 - Study ~ Mammary excretion of cannabidiol in rabbits after intravenous administration.
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology.

1990 - Study ~ Antianxiety effect of cannabidiol in the elevated plus-maze. Psychopharmacology, Berlin, Germany.

1986 - Study ~ Open label evaluation of cannabidiol in dystonic movement disorders.
International Journal of Neuroscience.


1983 - Study ~ Allergenic properties of naturally occurring cannabinoids.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi.

1981 - Study ~ Antiepileptic potential of cannabidiol analogs.
American College of Clinical Pharmacology.

1981 - Study ~ The cannabinoids as potential antiepileptics.
American College of Clinical Pharmacology.

1979 - Study ~ Interaction of cannabidiol and alcohol in humans.
Psychopharmacology.

1975 - Study ~ The influence of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol and cannabidiol on tissue oxygen consumption.
Research Communications in Chemical and Pharmacology.

1975 - Study ~ Anticonvulsant activity of four oxygenated cannabidiol derivatives.
Research Communications in Chemical and Pharmacology.

1946 - Study ~ Studies on the Pharmacology and Acute Toxicity of Compounds with Marihuana Activity. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.

CBD Similar Benefits