Are There Addiction Risks to Cannabis? Cannabis Maintenance as Addiction Treatment?
Overview
In 2022, we have new, even deadlier drugs that are effecting millions globaly. Add COVID isolation into the mix, and what you have is an expedintial number of people dieing alone. Is methadone working? Is there a plan B?
While doctors prescribed these lethal narcotics, some estimates suggest that up to 70% of these medications get re-sold on the streets.
A study of 4000 indicates that cannabis discourages use of alcohol and hard drugs.
Peer Reviewed Articles on Addiction & Cannabis Research
2014 - Australia: Study ~ Nabiximols as an Agonist Replacement Therapy During Cannabis Withdrawal.
2012 - Netherlands/ USA/ Australia: Study ~ A genetic perspective on the proposed inclusion of cannabis withdrawal in the DSM-5.
Jama Psychiatry
2014 - France/ UK/ Spain/ USA: Study ~ Pregnenolone Can Protect the Brain from Cannabis Intoxication.
PubMed
2014 - USA: Study ~ Evaluation of WIN 55,212-2 self-administration in rats as a potential cannabinoid abuse liability model.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior
2014 - USA: Study ~ Potential role of N-acetylcysteine in the management of substance use disorders.
CNS Drugs
2014 - USA: Study ~ Prevalence and correlates of alcohol and cannabis use disorders in the United States: results from the national longitudinal study of adolescent health.
PubMed
2014 - USA: Study ~ Cannabis withdrawal in chronic, frequent cannabis smokers during sustained abstinence within a closed residential environment.
American Journal of Addictions
2013 - Australia: Study ~ The Global Epidemiology and Contribution of Cannabis Use and Dependence to the Global Burden of Disease.
PLOS 2013 - Germany: Abstract ~ Endocannabinoids underlie reconsolidation of hedonic memories in Wistar rats.
Psychopharmacology (Berl)
2013 - Netherlands: Study ~ Implicit Associations and Explicit Expectancies toward Cannabis in Heavy Cannabis Users and Controls.
Frontiers in Psychiatry
2013 - United Kingdom/ Netherlands: Study ~ The Interplay between Parental Monitoring and the Dopamine D4 Receptor Gene in Adolescent Cannabis Use.
PLOS
2013 - USA: Study ~ Inhibition of FAAH and activation of PPAR: new approaches to the treatment of cognitive dysfunction and drug addiction.
Pharmacology Therapeutics
2013 - USA/ France/ Italy: Study ~ Reducing cannabinoid abuse and preventing relapse by enhancing endogenous brain levels of kynurenic acid.
Nature Neuroscience
2013 - USA: Study ~ Impulsivity, variation in the cannabinoid
receptor (CNR1) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) genes, and
marijuana-related problems.
Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs
2013 - USA: Study ~ Neural responses to subliminally presented cannabis and other emotionally evocative cues in cannabis-dependent individuals.
Psychopharmacology (Berl)
2013 - USA: Study ~ Cannabis Cue Reactivity and Craving Among Never, Infrequent and Heavy Cannabis Users.
Neuropsychopharmacology
2013 - USA: Abstract ~ Cannabis as a substitute
for alcohol and other drugs: A dispensary-based survey of substitution
effect in Canadian medical cannabis patients.
Journal
of Addiction Research & Theory
2012 - Netherlands: Study ~ Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in reward processing in the human brain.
US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health
Psychological Medicine
2012 - USA: Study ~ Medical marijuana laws in 50 states:
investigating the relationship between state legalization of medical
marijuana and marijuana use, abuse and dependence.
2012 - USA: Study ~ A double-blind randomized controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine in cannabis-dependent adolescents.
American Journal of Psychiatry
2011 - United Kingdom: Study ~ The genetic basis of the endocannabinoid system and drug addiction in humans.
Journal of Psychopharmacology
2011 - USA: Study ~ Aerobic Exercise Training Reduces Cannabis Craving and Use in
Non-Treatment Seeking Cannabis-Dependent Adults.
PLoS One
2011 - USA: Study ~ Dronabinol for the Treatment of Cannabis Dependence: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
National Institutes of Health
Harm Reduction Journal
WebMD
2009 - France: Study ~ Adolescent exposure to chronic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol blocks opiate dependence in maternally deprived rats.
Neuropsychopharmacology
2008 - Excerpt ~ Psychologic dependence can develop with chronic use, but very little physical dependence is clinically apparent.
Merck Manual Professional Version
2007 - USA: Study ~ Long term marijuana users seeking medical cannabis in California (2001–2007): demographics, social characteristics, patterns of cannabis and other drug use of 4117 applicants.
Harm Reduction Journal
2007 - USA: Study ~ Lack of behavioral sensitization after repeated exposure to THC in mice and comparison to methamphetamine.
Psychopharmacology
2005 - USA: Study ~ Endocannabinoid release from midbrain dopamine
neurons: a potential substrate for cannabinoid receptor antagonist
treatment of addiction.
Neuropharmacology
2003 - Italy: Study ~ Chronic Morphine Modulates the Contents of the Endocannabinoid, 2-Arachidonoyl Glycerol, in Rat Brain.
American Journal of Psychiatry
Neuropsychopharmacology
2003 - United Kingdom: Study ~ Does Cannabis Use Predict Poor Outcome for Heroin-Dependent Patients on Maintenance Treatment? A Review of Past Findings, and More Evidence Against.
Addiction, D.H. Epstein and K.L. Preston