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Are There Addiction Risks to Cannabis?

Cannabis Maintenance as Addiction Treatment?

Overview

In 2010, 16,652 overdose deaths were directly related to prescribed medications. namely opioid based.

While doctors prescribed these lethal narcotics, some estimates suggest that up to 70% of these medications get re-sold on the streets.

A study of 4000 indicates that cannabis discourages use of alcohol and hard drugs.

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Cannabis Addiction Research

2016 - News ~ 8 Myths About Weed You Should Stop Believing

Greatist

2014 - Study ~ Pregnenolone can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication.

PubMed

2014 - Study ~ Evaluation of WIN 55,212-2 self-administration in rats as a potential cannabinoid abuse liability model.

Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior

2014 - Study ~ Nabiximols as an agonist replacement therapy during cannabis withdrawal: a randomized clinical trial.

Jama Psychiatry

2014 - Study ~ Potential role of N-acetylcysteine in the management of substance use disorders.

CNS Drugs

2014 - Study ~ Prevalence and correlates of alcohol and cannabis use disorders in the United States: results from the national longitudinal study of adolescent health.

PubMed

2014 - Study ~ Cannabis withdrawal in chronic, frequent cannabis smokers during sustained abstinence within a closed residential environment. American Journal of Addictions

2014 - Study ~ Relationship between working-memory network function and substance use: a 3-year longitudinal fMRI study in heavy cannabis users and controls.

Addiction Biology

2014 - News ~ Hormone shows promise at negating marijuana's high effect.

CBS News

2014 - News ~ Muting Marijuana's High: Pot Without the Impairment.

Time Health

2013 - Study ~ Implicit associations and explicit expectancies toward cannabis in heavy cannabis users and controls.

Frontiers in Psychiatry

2013 - Study ~ The Global Epidemiology and Contribution of Cannabis Use and Dependence to the Global Burden of Disease.

PLOS

2013 - Study ~ The Interplay between Parental Monitoring and the Dopamine D4 Receptor Gene in Adolescent Cannabis Use.

PLOS

2013 - Study ~ Inhibition of FAAH and activation of PPAR: new approaches to the treatment of cognitive dysfunction and

drug addiction.

Pharmacology Therapeutics.

2013 - Study ~ Endocannabinoids underlie reconsolidation of hedonic memories in Wistar rats.

Psychopharmacology (Berl)

2013 - Study ~ Lipids and addiction: how sex steroids, prostaglandins, and cannabinoids interact with drugs of abuse.

New York Academy of Science

2013 - Study ~ Role of intra-accumbal cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the potentiation, acquisition and expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference.

Behavioral Brain Research

2013 - Study ~ Probability and predictors of transition from abuse to dependence on alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.

American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

2013 - Study ~ Dysregulation of cannabinoid CB1 receptor and associated signaling networks in brains of cocaine addicts

and cocaine-treated rodents.

Neuroscience

2013 - Study ~ Male and female rats differ in brain cannabinoid CB1 receptor density and function and in behavioural traits predisposing to drug addiction: effect of ovarian hormones.

Current Pharmaceutical Design

2013 - Study ~ Palmitoylethanolamide: from endogenous cannabimimetic substance to innovative medicine for the treatment of

cannabis dependence.

Medical Hypotheses

2013 - Study ~ Therapeutic potential of cannabinoid medicines.

Drug Testing and Analysis

2013 - Study ~ Reducing cannabinoid abuse and preventing relapse by enhancing endogenous brain levels of kynurenic acid.

Nature Neuroscience

2013 - Study ~ Impulsivity, variation in the cannabinoid receptor (CNR1) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) genes, and

marijuana-related problems.

Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs

2013 - Study ~ Neural responses to subliminally presented cannabis and other emotionally evocative cues in cannabis-dependent individuals. Psychopharmacology (Berl)

2013 - Study ~ Endocannabinoids underlie reconsolidation of hedonic memories in Wistar rats.

Psychopharmacology (Berl)

2013 - Study ~ Cannabis cue reactivity and craving among never, infrequent and heavy cannabis users.

Neuropsychopharmacology

2013 - Study ~ Cannabis withdrawal syndrome: An important diagnostic consideration in adolescents presenting with

disordered eating.

International Journal of Eating Disorders

2013 - Study ~ Low-frequency stimulation evokes serotonin release in the nucleus accumbens and induces long-term depression via production of endocannabinoid.

Journal of Neurophysiology

2013 - Study ~ Further evidence for association of polymorphisms in the CNR1 gene with cocaine addiction: confirmation in an independent sample and meta-analysis.

Addiction Biology

2013 - Study ~ The effects of cannabis use expectancies on self-initiated cannabis cessation.

Center for Innovation to Implementation

2013 - Study ~ Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs: A dispensary-based survey of substitution effect in Canadian medical

cannabis patients. Journal of Addiction Research & Theory

2013 - News ~ Why I changed my mind on weed. By Dr. Sanjay Gupta, CNN Chief Medical Correspondent

2012 - Study ~ Medical marijuana laws in 50 states: investigating the relationship between state legalization of medical marijuana and marijuana use, abuse and dependence.

2012 - Study ~ A double-blind randomized controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine in cannabis-dependent adolescents.

2012 - Study ~ The genetic basis of the endocannabinoid system and drug addiction in humans.

Journal of Pharmacology

2012 - Study ~ Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in reward processing in the human brain.

US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health

2012 - Study ~ A genetic perspective on the proposed inclusion of cannabis withdrawal in DSM-5.

Psychological Medicine

2012 - Study ~ Reduction of dependence to cannabinoids by GLT-1 activating property of the beta-lactam antibiotic.

Medical Hypotheses

2012 - Study ~ Human abuse potential and cognitive effects of taranabant, a cannabinoid 1 receptor inverse agonist: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled, crossover study in recreational polydrug users.

Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology

2012 - Study ~ Anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol: pharmacological properties, functional features, and emerging specificities of the two major endocannabinoids.

Molecular Neurobiology

2011 - Study ~ Aerobic Exercise Training Reduces Cannabis Craving and Use in Non-Treatment Seeking Cannabis-Dependent Adults.

Vanderbilt

University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America, University of Granada, Spain

2011 - Study ~ Abuse potential and psychoactive effects of δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol oromucosal spray (Sativex), a new cannabinoid medicine.

Expert Opinion on Drug Safety

2011 - Study ~ Dronabinol for the Treatment of Cannabis Dependence: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

National Institutes of Health

2011 - Study ~ The genetic basis of the endocannabinoid system and drug addiction in humans.

Journal of Psychopharmacology

2011 - News ~ Exercise can reduce cannabis use in persons who don't want to stop.

Medical Life Sciences

2010 - Study ~ Medical marijuana users in substance abuse treatment.

Harm Reduction Journal

2010 - News ~ Teen Pot Smoking Won't Lead to Other Drugs as Adults.

WebMD

2009 - Study ~ Adolescent exposure to chronic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol blocks opiate dependence

in maternally deprived rats.

Neuropsychopharmacology

2009 - News ~ Active Ingredient In Cannabis Eliminates Morphine Dependence In Rats.

Science Daily

2009 - News ~ Four percent of adults worldwide using cannabis.

Medical Press

2009 - News ~ For pot users, visual and audible cues set off cravings.

Technica

2009 - News ~ The use and misuse of alcohol and marijuana can be traced to a common set of genes.

Eurek Alert

2009 - News ~ The Surprising Effect Of Marijuana On Morphine Dependence.

Red Orbit

2008 - Excerpt ~ Psychologic dependence can develop with chronic use, but very little physical dependence is clinically apparent.

Merck Manual

2008 - News ~ Calling B.S. on the Idea of 'Marijuana Addiction'.

Alternet

2008 - News ~ Study of 4000 indicates marijuana discourages use of hard drugs.

Common Sense for Drug Policy

2007 - Study ~ The fatty acid amide hydrolase C385A (P129T) missense variant in cannabis users: studies of drug use and dependence in Caucasians.

American Journal of Medical Genetics

2007 - Study ~ Long term marijuana users seeking medical cannabis in California (2001–2007): demographics, social characteristics, patterns of cannabis and other drug use of 4117 applicants.

Harm Reduction Journal

2007 - Study ~ Lack of behavioral sensitization after repeated exposure to THC in mice and comparison to methamphetamine.

Psychopharmacology

2006 - Study ~ Confirming alcohol-moderated links between cannabis use and dependence in a national sample.

Science Direct

2005 - Study ~ Alcohol Consumption Moderates the Link Between Cannabis Use and Cannabis Dependence

in an Internet Survey.

American Psychological Association

2004 - Study ~ Human cannabinoid receptor 1: 5′ exons, candidate regulatory regions, polymorphisms, haplotypes and association

with polysubstance abuse.

Molecular Psychiatry

2004 - Study ~ Review of the validity and significance of cannabis withdrawal syndrome.

American Journal of Psychiatry

2004 - Study ~ Cannabis abuse is not a risk factor for treatment outcome in methadone maintenance treatment:

a 1-year prospective study in an Israeli clinic.

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry

2003 - Study ~ Chronic Morphine Modulates the Contents of the Endocannabinoid, 2-Arachidonoyl Glycerol, in Rat Brain.

Neuropsychopharmacology

2003 - Study ~ Does Cannabis Use Predict Poor Outcome for Heroin-Dependent Patients on Maintenance Treatment? A Review of Past Findings, and More Evidence Against.

Addiction, D.H. Epstein and K.L. Preston

2001 - Study ~ Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol releases and facilitates the effects of endogenous enkephalins: reduction in morphine withdrawal syndrome without change in rewarding effect.

European Journal of Neuroscience

1998 - Study ~ Anandamide, an Endogenous Cannabinoid, Has a Very Low Physical Dependence Potential.

Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

1998 - Study ~ Abuse potential of Dronabinol (Marinol).

Journal of Psychoactive Drugs

1997 - Study ~ Cannabis dependence, withdrawal, and reinforcing effects among adolescents with conduct symptoms and

substance use disorders.

Science Direct

1996 - Study ~ Genetic differences in delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced facilitation of brain stimulation reward as measured by a rate-frequency curve-shift electrical brain stimulation paradigm in three different rat strains.

Life Sciences

1980 - Study ~ An abstinence syndrome following chronic administration of delta-9-terahydrocannabinol in rhesus monkeys.

Psychopharmacology (Berl)

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Overview

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